TY  - BOOK
AU  - Bolomey,J.C.
AU  - Gardiol,Fred E.
TI  - Engineering applications of the modulated scatterer technique
T2  - Artech House antennas and propagation library
SN  - 1580531474
AV  - TK7876 .B63 2001
U1  - 621.3813 21
PY  - 2001///
CY  - Boston
PB  - Artech House
KW  - Microwave measurements
KW  - Electromagnetic waves
KW  - Scattering
KW  - Modulation (Electronics)
KW  - Radio
KW  - Radar
N1  - Includes bibliographical references and index; 1.1; Where Near-Field Measurements Are Useful; 1 --; 1.1.1; Information Provided by Near-Field Maps; 1 --; 1.1.2; Near-Field Diagnostics; 2 --; 1.1.3; Measurements May Perturb the Near-Fields; 2 --; 1.1.4; Modulated Scatterer Approach; 2 --; 1.1.5; Basic Requirement; 3 --; 1.1.6; Near-to-Far-Field Transformations; 3 --; 1.1.7; Two Sets of Applications of Modulated Scatterers; 3 --; 1.2; Near-Field Basics; 4 --; 1.2.1; Some Definitions for Free-Space Radiation of Antennas; 4 --; 1.2.2; Extension to Small Antennas and Circuits; 5 --; 1.2.3; About the Near Field Within Inhomogeneous Structures; 6 --; 1.2.4; Remark; 6 --; 1.3; Various Kinds of Measurements; 7 --; 1.3.1; Standard Circuit Measurements; 7 --; 1.3.2; Standard Antenna Measurements; 7 --; 1.3.3; Direct Near-Field Measurement; 8 --; 1.3.4; Perturbation Techniques for Indirect Measurements; 9 --; 1.3.5; Cavity Perturbation; 9 --; 1.3.6; Perturbation Measurement of SAR in Phantoms; 10 --; 1.3.7; Perturbation by a Scatterer; 10 --; 1.3.8; Measurement of the Far-Field Pattern of an Antenna; 11 --; 1.4; Modulated Scatterer Technique; 11 --; 1.4.1; Spinning Dipole; 11 --; 1.4.2; Electrically Modulated Scatterer; 11 --; 1.4.3; Historical Landmarks; 12 --; 1.4.4; Comparison of Direct and Indirect Measurements; 13 --; 1.4.5; Tagging Systems and Transponders; 13 --; 1.4.6; Biologically Modulated Scatterers; 15 --; 1.5; About Computer Simulation And Measurement; 17 --; 1.6; Field Maps; 18 --; 1.6.1; Microstrip Directional Coupler; 18 --; 1.6.2; Printed Patch Antenna; 20 --; 1.6.3; Measurements of Large Antennas; 22 --; 1.6.4; EMC; 24 --; 1.6.5; Dosimetry; 25 --; 1.6.6; Microwave Tomography; 27 --; Chapter 2; Basic Scatterer Electromagnetics --; 2.1.1; Effects Produced by a Field on a Probe; 35 --; 2.1.2; Probe Characteristics in the Receiving Mode; 36 --; 2.1.3; Probe Characteristics in the Scattering Mode; 36 --; 2.1.4; Bistatic Operation; 37 --; 2.1.5; Monostatic Operation; 38 --; 2.1.6; Definition of the Nominal Environment; 38 --; 2.1.7; Radar Analogy; 39 --; 2.1.8; Power Considerations; 40 --; 2.1.9; Comparison of Monostatic and Bistatic Operations; 40 --; 2.1.10; Practical Considerations; 40 --; 2.2; Principle Of Modulated Scattering; 41 --; 2.2.1; Modulated Scatterers; 41 --; 2.2.2; Mechanically Modulated Scatterers; 42 --; 2.2.3; Electrically Modulated Scatterers; 43 --; 2.2.4; Optically Modulated Scatterers; 44 --; 2.2.5; Light Beam on Photosensitive Material; 45 --; 2.2.6; Comparison of the Modulation Schemes; 46 --; 2.2.7; Properties of the MST; 46 --; 2.3; Equivalent Multiport Representation; 47 --; 2.3.1; Equivalent Linear Black Box; 47 --; 2.3.2; "Good" and "Bad" Obstacles; 48 --; 2.3.3; Matrix Formulations; 49 --; 2.3.4; Impedance Matrix; 49 --; 2.3.5; Admittance Matrix; 50 --; 2.3.6; Relationships Between [Z] and [Y] Matrices; 50 --; 2.4; Scattering Matrix Formulation; 51 --; 2.4.1; Complex Normalized Waves; 51 --; 2.4.2; Scattering Matrix of an N-Port Device; 52 --; 2.4.3; Translation of the Reference Planes; 52 --; 2.4.4; Relationships Between Matrices; 53 --; 2.4.5; Remark; 54 --; 2.4.6; Scattering Matrix for the Monostatic Setup (N = 2); 54 --; 2.4.7; Scattering Matrix for the Bistatic Setup (N = 3); 56 --; 2.4.8; Extension to Configurations for Which N> 3; 57 --; 2.4.9; Remark About Matrix Formulations; 58 --; Chapter 3; Modulated Scattering Probes --; 3.1; Probe Response In Various Situations; 61 --; 3.1.1; Probe Response in the Receiving Mode; 61 --; 3.1.2; Monostatic Reflection Factor; 63 --; 3.1.3; Monostatic Impedance and Admittance Changes; 64 --; 3.1.4; Reflection from a Matched Probe; 64 --; 3.1.5; Reflection Factor in the Unmodulated Situation; 65 --; 3.1.6; Reflection Factor with Mechanical Modulation; 65 --; 3.1.7; Reflection Factor with Electrical Modulation; 65 --; 3.1.8; Bistatic Transmission Factor; 67 --; 3.1.9; Introduction of a Generalized Term; 68 --; 3.2; Calculation Of The Probe Response; 68 --; 3.2.1; Reciprocity Theorem; 68 --; 3.2.2-; Reciprocity Formulation; 71 --; 3.2.3; Conjugate Matched Probe in the Monostatic Case; 73 --; 3.2.4; Reflectionless Matched Probe in the Monostatic Case; 73 --; 3.2.5; Modulated Probe in the Monostatic Case; 74 --; 3.2.6; Modulated Probe in the Bistatic Case; 75 --; 3.3; Free-Space Measurements; 76 --; 3.3.1; Locally Plane Waves; 76 --; 3.3.2; Absorption Cross Sections; 77 --; 3.3.3; RCS for Monostatic Setups; 78 --; 3.3.4; Active or Passive Transponder; 79 --; 3.3.5; RCS for Bistatic Setups; 79 --; 3.4; Probes Used For Near-Field Testing; 80 --; 3.4.1; Main Kinds of Probes; 80 --; 3.4.2; Small Probes; 81 --; 3.4.3; Short Electric Dipoles; 81 --; 3.4.4; Small Magnetic Loops; 84 --; 3.4.5; Tuned Probes; 86 --; 3.4.6; Small Reflecting Spheres; 87 --; Chapter 4; Moving Probe Setups --; 4.1; Low Invasiveness; 91 --; 4.1.1; Basic Probe Requirements; 91 --; 4.1.2; Why a Monostatic Rather Than a Bistatic Configuration?; 92 --; 4.1.3; Description of a Measurement Configuration; 92 --; 4.1.4; Optical Modulation; 93 --; 4.1.5; Low-Frequency Connections with Resistive Wires; 94 --; 4.1.6; Coherent Detection; 94 --; 4.1.7; Number of Measurement Points; 95 --; 4.1.8; About the Measurement Time; 95 --; 4.2; Probes For Field Measurements; 96 --; 4.2.1; Probes for Direct Antenna Measurements; 96 --; 4.2.2; Probes for EMC Measurements; 97 --; 4.2.3; Probes for Dosimetry; 97 --; 4.2.4; Components of Modulated Scatterer Probes; 98 --; 4.2.5; Probe for the Transverse Electric Field; 98 --; 4.2.6; Probe for the Normal Electric Field; 99 --; 4.2.7; Probe for the Transverse Magnetic Field; 100 --; 4.2.8; Optically Modulated Probes; 100 --; 4.3; Receivers For MST Arrangements; 101 --; 4.3.1; Homodyne Receiver; 101 --; 4.3.2; Remark About the Homodyne Receiver's Design; 102 --; 4.3.3; Mathematical Background; 102 --; 4.3.4; Cancellation of Unmodulated Signals; 103 --; 4.3.5; Selection of the Modulation Frequency; 104 --; 4.3.6; Signal-to-Noise Ratio; 105 --; 4.4; About Measurement Accuracy; 106 --; 4.4.1; Spatial Resolution; 106 --; 4.4.2; Spurious Signals; 108 --; 4.4.3; Close Range Interaction; 108 --; 4.4.4; Close Range Interaction with Dielectric; 110 --; 4.4.5; Comparison with Simulations; 111 --; 4.4.6; Dynamic Range; 112 --; 4.4.7; Caution: High Accuracy Is Not Always Required!; 113 --; 4.4.8; Scaled Models and the Similitude Theorem; 114 --; 4.5; Field Measurements In Materials; 115 --; 4.5.1; Impact of Probe Immersion on Measurement Sensitivity; 115 --; 4.5.2; Total-Field Measurement with Modulated Probes; 116 --; 4.5.3; Total-Field Measurement with Unmodulated Probes; 116 --; 4.6; Optical Analogy With Near-Field Microscopy; 117 --; 4.6.1; Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy; 117 --; 4.6.2; Microwave Near-Field Microscopy; 118 --; Chapter 5; Applications of Single Probes --; 5.1; Description Of Some MST Test Setups; 123 --; 5.1.1; National Physical Laboratory; 123 --; 5.1.2; Swiss Ecole Polytechnique Federale of Lausanne; 125 --; 5.1.3; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor; 126 --; 5.1.4; Other Laboratories; 127 --; 5.2; Antenna Diagnostics; 128 --; 5.2.1; Horn Antennas; 128 --; 5.2.2; Microstrip Patch Antennas; 130 --; 5.2.3; Patch Antennas with Parasitic Elements; 131 --; 5.2.4; PIFA Dual Band Antennas; 132 --; 5.2.5; Multifrequency Multiband Antennas; 132 --; 5.2.6; Near-Field Diffraction by Two Slits; 133 --; 5.3; Printed Transmission Lines And Circuits; 135 --; 5.3.1; Wilkinson Power Dividers; 135 --; 5.3.2; Branch Line Hybrid Couplers; 135 --; 5.3.3; Rat Race Hybrid Rings; 136 --; 5.3.4; Meander Transmission Lines; 136 --; 5.3.5; Microstrip Filters with Holes in the Ground Plane; 138 --; 5.3.6; MMICs; 141 --; 5.3.7; Radiating Probe for Microstrip Integrated Amplifier; 141 --; 5.3.8; Currents on a Whisker Mixer for Radiometry; 142 --; 5.4; Guiding Structures; 144 --; 5.4.1; Detection of Electric-Field Lines in a Liquid Microstrip; 144 --; 5.4.2; Fields in a Rectangular Waveguide; 146 --; 5.5; EMC; 147 --; 5.6; Industrial8 Applications; 148 --; 5.6.1; Microwave and RF Heating; 148 --; 5.6.2; Industrial Microwave and RF Heating; 148 --; 5.6.3; Modulated Scatterer Moisture Sensors; 149 --; 5.6.4; Near-Field Measurement in High-Power Systems; 149 --; 5.7; Medical Applications And Dosimetry; 152 --; 5.7.1; Diathermy and Hyperthermia; 152 --; 5.7.2; Portable Phones; 152 --; 5.7.3; Measurement of the SAR; 153 --; 5.7.4; Radiometric Measurements; 154 --; 5.7.5; SAR Measurement of Portable Phones; 155 --; 5.7.6; Hyperthermia Applicator and Probe Characterization; 157 --; Chapter 6; Probe Arrays --; 6.1.1; Reduction of the Duration of Measurements; 161 --; 6.1.2; Reduction of the Amount of Measured Data; 162 --; 6.1.3; Speeding Up the Measurement Rate; 162 --; 6.1.4; Measurement Strategies; 163 --; 6.2; Specific Features Of Probe Arrays; 164 --; 6.2.1; Choice of Architectures; 164 --; 6.2.2; Preconceptions; 166 --; 6.2.3; Probe Array Arrangements; 167 --; 6.2.4; Spatial Sampling Requirements; 169 --; 6.3; MST For Arrays; 170 --; 6.3.1; Array Elements; 170 --; 6.3.2; Sensitivity of Collector Arrangements; 171 --; 6.3.3; Uniformity of Collector Arrangements; 173 --; 6.3.4; Calibrating the Probe Array and Collector Arrangements; 176 --; 6.3.5; Practical Bistatic Realizations; 178 --; 6.3.6; Different Modulation Possibilities; 180 --; 6.3.7; Direct Determination of the Far-Field Pattern; 181 --; 6.3.8; Focusing at an Arbitrary Finite Distance; 183 --; Chapter 7; Applications of Probe Arrays --; 7.1; Communications And Radar Antenna Testing; 187 --; 7.1.1; Antenna Testing Background; 187 --; 7.1.2; Near-Field Versus Direct Measurement Techniques; 189 --; 7.1.3; Selecting the Proper Near-Field Setup; 189 --; 7.1.4; Linear Probe Arrays; 191 --; 7.1.5; Planar Probe Arrays; 195 --; 7.1.6; Circular Probe Arrays; 197 --; 7.1.7; Direct Probing of the Far-Field Pattern; 200 --; 7.2; RCS Measurements; 202 --; 7.2.1; About Radar Testing; 202 --; 7.2.2; Practical Implementation; 203 --; 7.3; EMC Testing; 205
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