Page 592 - Nutrition Essentials for Nursing Practice

580 U N I T 3 Nutrition in Clinical Practice

Table 21.6 Choice Lists and Examples of Representative Foods

Choice Lists Examples of Representative Foods

Animal protein foods Beef, fish, eggs, poultry, shellfish
High-protein foods that are also
Cheese, dried peas and beans, milk, yogurt, tofu
high in sodium, potassium, Canned tuna and salmon; cottage cheese; deli
and/or phosphorus
beef or turkey; processed meats, bacon,
Vegetables and fruit vegetarian burgers
Low potassium
Cabbage, carrots, corn, eggplant, green beans,
Medium potassium onions
High potassium
Apples, blueberries, grapes, pineapples, watermelon
Milk and other high-phosphorus Asparagus, broccoli, celery, peas, turnips, zucchini
choices Cantaloupe, mangoes, papaya, fresh peaches
Avocado, Brussels sprouts, “greens,” okra,
Bread, cereal, and grain
potatoes, pumpkin, spinach, sweet potatoes,
Bread, cereal, and grain with tomatoes, yams
added sodium and phosphorus Apricots, bananas, nectarines, orange juice, prune
juice
Fluids
Cheese, cooked dried peas and beans, oatmeal,
“Free” foods for calories milk, nuts, nut butters, soy milk, bran cereals,
yogurt

Bagel, bread, pita, flour tortilla, low-sodium
ready-to-eat cereals, pasta, rice, unsalted
crackers

Biscuits, cake, oatmeal, most ready-to-eat cereals,
pancakes, waffles, pretzels

Beverages, ice, soup, gelatin; ice cream and ice milk
(each melt to ½ initial volume)

Gumdrops, hard candy, jelly, jelly beans, Life
Savers, margarine, mayonnaise, sugar, syrup,
vegetable oil, nondairy whipped topping

Source: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2012). Chronic kidney disease stage 5. Nutrition therapy for
people on dialysis. In Nutrition care manual. Available at www.nutritioncaremanual.org. Accessed 7/6/12.

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

The sudden loss of renal function, previously known as acute renal failure, is now referred
to as acute kidney injury (AKI). It is characterized by increases in serum creatinine and
blood urea nitrogen levels. Urine output can be classified as anuria (Ͻ100 mL/day), oligu-
ria (100–400 mL/day), or nonoliguria (Ͼ400 mL/day) (Kalista-Richards, 2011).

Among the many causes of AKI are shock, severe infection, trauma, medications,
and obstruction. It is often part of multiple organ dysfunction in the critical care setting.
Despite improvements in dialysis therapy and nutrition support, the mortality of AKI
continues to be 50% to 60% (Brown, Compher, and the American Society for Paren-
teral and Enteral Nutrition [ASPEN] Board of Directors, 2010). The poor prognosis is
related mainly to the degree of underlying illness and associated hypercatabolism. The
primary focus of treatment is to treat the underlying disorder to prevent permanent renal
damage.